上海自考00015《英語(二)》短文寫作知識(shí)點(diǎn)押題資料

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　　一、基本寫作步

　　1.審題

　　所謂審題，就是審清作文的要求和所給的材料，如圖表說明、關(guān)鍵詞、段首句、提綱等等。

　　審題是寫作的第一步，也是文章成功的關(guān)鍵所在之一。在考試之中，由于時(shí)間倉(cāng)促，心情緊張，匆忙審題，造成離題萬里的現(xiàn)象屢見不鮮。因此可以說能否審清題意是作文、乃至考試成敗的關(guān)鍵。在平時(shí)進(jìn)行寫作練習(xí)的時(shí)候，就要有意識(shí)地養(yǎng)成認(rèn)真審題，仔細(xì)研究的良好習(xí)慣。

　　弄清作文要求之后，就要確定文章的主題思想。主題思想明確、深刻，才能確保文章言之有物，順理成章。圍繞主題去構(gòu)思、寫作文章，才能思路清晰，不致節(jié)外生枝離題萬里。

　　2.提綱

　　提綱有利于作者理清思路。尤其在考場(chǎng)上，根據(jù)提綱寫作，能寫出層次分明，邏輯性強(qiáng)，表意清晰的好文章，可避免考試時(shí)由于情緒緊張而造成的不應(yīng)有的失誤。

　　提綱有多種類型，可詳可略，寫作時(shí)也可根據(jù)自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和特點(diǎn)編寫適合于自己的提綱。常見的提綱種類有羅列式提綱、主題式提綱、句子式提綱。所謂羅列式提綱，就是根據(jù)題目和所給材料，圍繞中心思想，羅列一系列相關(guān)的詞、短語或句子。主題式提綱比較簡(jiǎn)略，只寫出文章的主題思想即可，寫作時(shí)依據(jù)主題思想，圍繞重點(diǎn)，進(jìn)行擴(kuò)充和展開。句子式提綱比較詳細(xì)，顧名思義，就是用句子把文章的主要觀點(diǎn)寫出來。

　　3.成文

　　文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu)：一定要按所列提綱寫。一般分為開頭、正文、結(jié)尾 3 部分

　　(1)開頭;如引語法、主題句法、提問法、事例法、描述法等。

　　常用句式：

　?、賂here is an old /popular saying /proverb which says /goes…..

　　②Nowadays more and more people are beginning to be aware of the importance/seriousness of …

　?、跿here are different opinions among people as to …Some believe … Others, however, disagree with it. They think…

　?、?hellip;.has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought us a of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

　?、?One of our ancient philosophers said, …..Chinese people have always been holding this idea to be one of their standards of morality.

　　(2) 主體： 要注意啟承轉(zhuǎn)合，常用句型：

　?、?On the contrary, there are some people in favor of ……. They believe…Moreover, they think…..

　　② There are many ways to ….. First, _____. Second _____. Finally, ______.

　?、?Confronted with______, we should take a series of effective measures to _____.

　　For one thing, ____. For another, ______. Finally, _______. (也可用于結(jié)尾)

　　④ Although the popular belief is a fact, a current study(survey/investigation)

　　indicates that...

　　(3) 結(jié)尾

　　總結(jié)文章的主要內(nèi)容，或者提出希望或展望未來，或者對(duì)文章提出的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行反問，啟發(fā)讀者思考。如：An open China has realized the importance of business. Why should we give up this opportunity and rely on agriculture?

　　常用句型：

　?、?From what has been discussed /mentioned above, we may conclude that…

　　② Therefore, it is not difficult to draw /come to the conclusion that….

　?、?Only in this way/ in doing so, can sth. be really ….

　　④ Given the reasons /consideration I have just outlined/ discussed/ presented, I strongly recommend that …..

　　無論是何種類型，英語(二)作文基本上是三段式作文，根據(jù)不同的類型，三段的寫法不同。 所用的模式也不同。

　　二、各類型作文的寫法和常用句型

　　(一)圖表 / 看圖作文

　　1. 寫作模式：描述圖表/圖畫-分析圖表/圖畫-總結(jié)全文(也可以展望未來或發(fā)出倡議或表明自己的態(tài)度)

　　2. 常用句型：

　　(1)表示說明的開篇句式：

　　As we can see from the chart / graph / table/ picture…

　　The chart/graph/ table displays/ illustrates/ describes/ indicates/ points out that …

　　It is clear/ apparent from the chart/ table/ graph that…

　　The figures/ statistics in the chart reflect/ show/ reveal that …

　　The table/chart /graph shows (that) …

　　According to the table/chart /graph, …

　　As is shown in the table/chart /graph, …

　　As can be seen from the table/chart/ graph/picture, …

　　It can be seen from the figures/statistics that …

　　We can see from the figures/statistics that …

　　As we can see in this picture, …

　　This picture shows that …

　　(2)描述圖表的句式：

　　A takes up/ occupies/ accounts for 20% of the total population/ output/ income/ expenditure/ consumption.

　　On the top of the list is…, which accounts for 60%.

　　On the bottom is …, which takes up 20%.

　　Compared with A, B has a higher percentage.